Issues of Discrimination in Sports

Issues of Discrimination in Sports There are many different aspects that define the culture of a group of people. Whether it is the food or the music or the traditions, every single person in this world lives based on the culture that surrounds them. One vital part of a culture is sports. Games are a source of revenue, income, careers and entertainment. They create bonds between people who would otherwise have nothing in common, whether fans, athletes or administrators. A chance of healthy competition between individuals of a society is the basis for the games in which a select few participate and millions watch. Especially for the population of the United States, sports are so ingrained into the culture that it would be hard to imagine a country without them. Sports have been praised for their ability to be a melting pot (Lumpkin), an idea easily understood by the United States, which holds the same nickname. They are considered to be the great equalizer because more attention is given to the abilities of a person than to who they actually are (Humara). Most people believe that sports provide equal opportunities for both majorities and minorities alike (Kahn). But what if this is not true? Just as minorities are discriminated against in everyday society, there is speculation and debate that discrimination occurs in sporting institutes as well. Economists and the general public have become more interested in the issue of discrimination against minorities in professional sports (Kahn). This topic is easily pursued and assessed considering statistics are readily available for the public, such as the gender, age, race, ethnicity and salary of players in professional sports such as baseball, football and basketball (Kahn). A growing number of sports sociologists are focusing on these inequalities and trying to discover if there is an actual problem and if so how it can be corrected (Eisen 127). The general issue of discrimination in institutions was addressed by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This article prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin (Hanna). Some people argue that there is still evidence of racial discrimination in sports today, though. Despite laws, the situation becomes sticky when it comes to racial discrimination. Is it really possible to prove that someone was not hired based on their race? In some cases, yes, but in others, no. The government cannot force people to hire certain candidates, but their ability to punish institutions for denying a position to a candidate based on race is limited (Hanna). Within the institution of sports, there are several ways that a person can be discriminated against, such as during the hiring process, what position he or she is allocated, or how much he or she is paid in salary (Kahn). Discrimination can come from employers, coworkers, customers, and people who hold prominent positions such as sportscasters, Hall-of-Fame selection committees, sports executives and franchise owners (Leonard). Discrimination not only affects if someone is able to be a part of a team, but how they are treated while on that team. Minorities are said to experience discrimination during the hiring process simply based on their origin and the fact that those in decision-making positions are more inclined to hire those who are similar to themselves. Since several administrators are white males, they are more likely to hire white males when given the chose between several well-qualified candidates. Those who are hired could possibly experience discrimination through the allocation of their positions; minorities may be given less-prominent leadership and critical-thinking positions such as pitchers and quarterbacks (Kahn). Salary is a difficult area to determine discrimination due to the fact that numbers may be biased, figures may be omitted, players perform different positions at different skill levels, veterans are paid more than rookies, and contracts may differ based on the number of years and the salary to be paid (Kahn). Customers may show their own form of discrimination by refusing to attend games or purch ase certain merchandise, as well as racial slurs said during taunting or trash talking (Lumpkin). The three sports that are voted as the most popular in the United States are baseball, basketball and football. These three only offer a handful of positions: 737 in Major League Baseball (MLB), 245 in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and 1400 in the National Football League (NFL) (Eisen 230). The chances of someone securing a position on a team in these institutions is miniscule, with four out of every 100,000 Caucasians, two out of every 100,000 African Americans and three out of every 100,000 Hispanics successfully doing so (Egendorf 95). Professional sports organizations are required to submit a Racial and Gender Report Card to assess the hiring practices of women and people of color in each organization. These assessments ensure that minorities are justly represented in such prominent organizations by considering the composition of the players, coaches and administration. For example, if African-Americans represent twenty-four percent of the population then twenty-four percent of the positions held in a sports organization must be held by African-Americans. In the 2010 Racial and Gender Report Cards, the MLB, NBA and NFL each scored an A in racial hiring practices, with the MLB and NFL improving from an A- and the NBA dropping from an A+ in 2009 (CBA). The color barrier in baseball was broken by Jackie Robinson in 1947 when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers and ended segregation in professional baseball (Kahn). At the start of the 2010 season, minorities composed over forty percent of the players in the MBL, including African-Americans, Latinos and Asian-Americans. Nine people of color (three African-Americans, five Latinos and the first Asian-American) hold the title of manager in the MLB, bringing the total managers of color to thirty percent. Thirty-two percent of coaching positions are held by minorities, and they are also well represented in administration positions as well (CBA). The National Basketball Association employs the highest percentage of minorities with eighty-two percent of their players being African-American, Latinos and Asian-Americans. Seventy-seven percent of those players are African-American. International players hold eighteen percent of positions on NBA teams. Michael Jordan is the only African-American majority owner of a professional sports team, but there are four African-American presidents in the NBA. Thirty percent of the head coaches are of a minority, with one American-Asian and eight African-Americans holding positions, while forty-one percent of the assistant coaches are of color (CBA). Administration in the National Football League hosts many positions for minorities as well, with twenty-five percent of the positions being held by African-Americans, Latinos, Asians and Native Americans, but no person of color has ever held majority ownership of an NFL team. The representation of minorities is relatively high for African-Americans at sixty-seven percent, but Latinos and Asian-Americans are only represented with one and two percent, respectively. Out of all of the professional sports organizations, the NFL has the smallest percentage of international players with two percent. The coaching staff of the NFL boasts six African-American coaches and one hundred fifty seven assistant coaches of color (CBA). Based on the data collected from the Racial and Gender Report cards of Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association and the National Football League, minority representation fares well in these professional sports. Certain measures, such as this report card, have been taken to ensure that minorities are represented in sporting institutes (CBA). One such measure is the Rooney Rule, enacted by the NFL in 2002. The Rooney Rule was headed by Dan Rooney of the Pittsburgh Steelers and states that any NFL team seeking to hire a head coach must interview one or more minority applicants (Hanna). This rule is most likely accountable for the fact that one fourth of NFL teams have a minority coach. Measures like these enable minorities to have an equal opportunity to be represented in the sporting organizations in the country in which they reside. While the numbers show that discrimination is very low, if not nonexistent, in sporting organizations in the United States, they can only go so far. Discrimination is not just about how many players of color are on a sporting team, but what they had to do in order to achieve their position and how they are treated once they are a part of the team. Blacks were excluded from professional sports all together until the 1940s, after World War II (Kahn). Before this time, African-Americans began their own black leagues that mirrored the white-only versions of the sport. For example, Rube Foster founded the National Negro Baseball League in 1920 that offered an alternative for black athletes excluded from the major leagues (Eisen 138). These leagues were a chance for African-Americans and other minorities to play sports they loved, although they were far from equal to their white counterparts. Once minority players were allowed to become a part of professional sports alongside white people, it was an uphill battle. African-Americans were striving for success in institutions that were controlled and defined by white standards (Eisen 135). They had to face the fact that they were both black and American playing white sports (Eisen 133). They wanted to be classified equally with their teammates, but they were defined by their color and not their ability (Eisen 138). These players strove to gain acceptance but never completely broke away from being defined by their race (Eisen 136). Wins symbolized symbolic nails in the coffin of racial inferiority but losses were evidence of their limits as minorities (Eisen 133). Many prominent minority athletes used their social status to help those in their race that were less fortunate while they pursued their careers (Eisen 136). Some may argue that discrimination exists in sporting organizations in the United States today. Qualifications and abilities may be overlooked because of the race of the applicant (Egendorf 103). Since many controlling positions in both professional and collegiate sports are held by white males, minorities have less of a chance of being hired due to the fact that the employer is more likely to hire someone similar to themselves (Egendorf 99). Athletes who have played the sport should be awarded leadership positions, but more often than not whites are hired over minorities (Egendorf 98). Minority athletes, many of whom grow up in lower-income areas, are denied equal training facilities during high school and are therefore at a disadvantage compared to their white counterparts when it comes to trying out for spots on professional sports teams (Kahn). Others do not see discrimination present in organizations such as the MLB, NBA and NFL. These people look at the statistics and notice that minorities are represented more in sports than they are in the entire population (Kahn). They also notice trends, such as the fact that the NBA is representative of more minorities than whites and that the NFL is increasingly composed of Pacific Islanders and Latinos (Egendorf 97). Since white players have more opportunities in society after retirement, they are more likely to retire earlier and therefore will not be as valuable as a minority who will play for a longer amount of time (Kahn). Either way the situation is looked at, minorities are fast becoming a majority (Justice Reader 2). Since the United States have been considered a melting pot for people from so many cultures and the country offers so many more opportunities, more and more people are immigrating in search of a better life. Although America has been defined as white, that is slowly beginning to change (Justice Reader 2). So how is justice ensured to minorities wishing to pursue a career in professional sports? The principle of distributive justice should be followed, or rewards, rights, opportunities, services and treatments because of who that person is, what he or she has done or to which group he or she belongs (Justice Reader 40). If an African-American athlete and a white athlete train equally for a position on a team, they should be given an equal opportunity to try out for that position. Their chances should be fair and consistent. Justice should be understood as merit focused on what is owed a person by virtue of his or her actions, efforts and impacts (Justice Reader 49). In the Old Testament of the Bible, we are told that God loves justice (Isaiah 61:8). The sin of humanity creates injustice in the world, yet we are called to live just and righteous lives (Micah 6:8). A reoccurring theme in the Old Testament is the law that God calls His people to live by. When the law is followed, we are able to live in harmony with God and other humans. This law has been broken, though, creating the injustices that we are dealing with in our day and age. One of the main focuses of the New Testament is the teachings of Jesus. In these teachings, He calls us to love our neighbors as ourselves (Mark 12:31). By treating our brothers and sisters in just ways, we are loving them as we love ourselves and treating them how we would want to be treated. The New Testament also tells us that we are all one body of Christ and therefore everyone is equal (Galatians 3:28). Why should some have privileges over others or be treated with injustice? Sporting organizations are very prevalent in the culture and society of the United States. The issue of minority representation has always been a controversy in the sporting world due to the fact that a successful career in athletics leads to success away from the athletic world (Eisen 221). Not only is minority representation important since they are a large part of the culture, but minorities are given more opportunities through a career in sports. Creating a system that gives equal opportunities and treatments to both majorities and minorities is one way to solve injustices in sporting organizations. Some actions to begin this system have been started, such as the Rooney Rule in the NFL. Individuals can voice their opinions when it comes to sporting organizations, such as protesting unjust actions and treatments. One voice may not be a lot, but many voices together can make a loud sound.

Effects of Globalization on Japan and China Essay

In this paper I will be looking at China and Japan two very different examples of native non-western cultures that have been impacted by western culture very differently. Globalization can be described as the increasing interplay of cultures brought closer together. The impact of globalization on indigenous cultures can be seen negatively and positively with varying outcomes. Globalization has increased opportunities for indigenous people, it’s also impeded their ability to keep their cultural practices and knowledge. In many cases, indigenous people’s views have been displaced by western views by becoming increasingly materialistic and individualized, values that are associated with western culture. Not everything is negative though, the integration offered by western technology has brought, better access to programs and services, reduced isolation, created employment, ability to preserve and share their cultural heritage and traditional languages. Greater contact and ongoing interactions impact indigenous cultures. Globalization â€Å"constitutes an unprecedented threat to the autonomy of Indigenous cultures†, but gives â€Å"an unprecedented opportunity for Indigenous empowerment† (Smith, Burke & Ward, 2000, p. 21) Globalization brings unavoidable change to indigenous people and their cultures. Globalization can goes back for hundreds of years with trade between countries. Over the years, areas of travel, knowledge, immigration and goods have grown. Two examples of event driven non-western cultures being changed by globalization are the counties of China and Japan. In the 1970’s an American fast foods restaurant opened in Japan representing American culture. It started a westernization shift in the Japanese. Traditional culture focused on traditional rituals, foods and family heritage. Before the event of American fast food restaurants like MacDonald began in Japan, the traditionally bento box is food in a small box prepared  for school aged children. Not just a boxed lunch, the bento box lunch was a token of home, and more importantly of mom. Making elaborate, creative boxed lunch measured a womans dedication to being a mother. The lunches, could be time and labor intensive to make every morning. Tips for making them were the conversation among moms, and whole magazines were devoted to the topic. Entire industries revolved around selling the foods and gadgets use to make them. The bento box lunch represented that the role of any Japanese citizen is to be carried out with precision and dedication. The lunch also represents that mom’s were responsible for a healthy lunch and the childs responsibility is learning. Since the introduction of fast food meals and a American diet, interest in traditional bento box lunch has faded greatly. The increasing consumption of fast food has caused lots of changes in Japanese culture, obesity rates are up to nearly 10 percent, the Japanese didnt traditionally eat red meat very much before the change, Japan currently has the largest number of McDonalds outside the United States and American style prepared lunches are a staple now. To show that globalization is a continual process,what had been a very tradition teenage way of life of school uniforms and reserved and respectful traditional dress has changed with more recent popular American hip-hop culture influence is a example of how continued globalization is changing non-Western cultures. Japanese Hip-Hop is a developing popular subculture from New York to Tokyo teenagers wearing the same kinds of fashion’s hats, baggy pants, and sneakers. Parts of Tokyo are much like New York, with trendy nightclubs, bars, restaurants and hotels, catering to hip-hop culture. This new developing sub- culture is gaining acceptance in the wider Japanese society. China’s first instance of Chinese internationalism was during the Han Dynasty in 125 BC. At the start of the Han Dynasty, the Huns were attacking the frontiers of the Han, Emperor Wu needed an alliance, Emperor Wu looked to the West to establish economic and cultural connections, there were few trade routes between China and Europe. The most famous route is the central land route or the Silk Road, a network of roads from northwest China to the ports of Syria and the Black Sea. The Silk Road allowed Chinese emperors  dominance over Central Asia by developing their resources and providing new markets for the export of China’s resources. Before this trans-formative event China had little wealth and very few other markets available to their goods especially silk, they were very isolated. After the event the Chinese emperors had increased wealth and power both with trade and security that it brought. This event brought very little cultural contact with western cultures to the everyday Chinese but it was the beginning of a long period of western globalization that continues today in to China. Another opportunity for the Chinese to be exposed to western culture was in 1915. Japan issued demands against China with the goal to conquer them, the demands placed on the Chinese were humiliating and degrading, reducing China to a protectorate of Japan. China turned to Britain to help them, the British spoke up for China to prevent total capitulation. Japans was determination to dominate East Asia is the basis for future Japanese/ Chinese relations and western influence growing in China until World War 2. During the following wars and various military conflicts the Chinese regularly turned to their military allies in the west and exposed more of their culture to western influence and values. Within China this reliance was seen as a weakness by Mao the leader or the revolution and currently in power, who had been heavily influenced by Marxist ideas from Russia. Many cultural practices before the Chinese revolution event were very common traditional festivals being celebrated, Buddhist prayer to ancient artifacts and ancestors, traditional music like Han folk music, traditional art and designs. Mainly seen in the rural farm areas and villages where traditional culture is more prominent. As a result after World War 2 the Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong gained power and believed a Marxist social revolution would be the cure for Chinas problems. His radical beliefs extended to the issues of Values, Language forcing a country of many languages to speak mandarin, Spirituality changed promoting atheism and turning against Buddhism defacing ancient artifacts, Literature was only pro communist propaganda, Music turned to revolution-themed songs, the practice of traditional martial arts was discouraged, Fashion changed to Mao suits for men and women and profound changes in society with property seizures and purges, Women rights changes by lega lizing divorce, abolishing arranged  marriage, and the termination of foot binding. These are just some of the changes that resulted directly and indirectly from the influences and backlash of western globalization on china and it’s leaders. Currently in China, many cities have embraced western globalization, It’s seen by western style sky scrapers, chain hotels, and American restaurant chains. China mainly functioned on traditional culture and respect for heritage but that is changing in modern times. A cultural heritage rich with festivals, holidays, foods, traditional clothing and music. The youth’s of society are educated and encouraged to be part of in their traditions and culture but also to be modern. This desire to be modern and stylish, driven mostly by television, internet, popular movie and music icons. Clothing worn by young Chinese is almost the same as those worn by high school/college age Americans. The popular Hair styles, shoes and makeup trends are just some of the signs of current westernization in China. The rural areas are slower to accept western style changes and are more traditional although cell phones and internet access are now widely available. There was no single event that star ted the globalization movement in modern China, most all things western are seen as modern and stylish for most of the populace. Chinese culture has adapted, accepting many western styles, products and values. References Smith, C., Burke, H., & Ward, G.K. (2000). Globalization and Indigenous peoples: Threat or empowerment? In C. Smith & G. K. Ward (Eds.),Indigenous Culture in an interconnected world. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press

Catcher in the Rye Song Project - 2065 Words

â€Å"Under the Bridge† – Red Hot Chili Peppers Analysis In this song, the lead singer, Anthony Kiedis, is describing how after a drug addiction he moved to a different city to start a new life. This relates to Holden in Catcher in the Rye because after he was kicked out of school he had a hard decision to make. He either could go to his home before his parents knew about the expulsion, or he could run away to New York. Anthony and Holden both choose to go to the city. Also in the song and the book, the singer and Holden turn to drugs as a way to help their lives. Obviously that is the wrong choice, but anyways Holden, although underage, drinks as a means of an anti-depressant. â€Å"†¦The more depressed I got, and I decided, while I was walking and†¦show more content†¦This song fits in perfectly with how Holden is handling his problems. After being kicked out of a private school in which his mother paid for, he delays telling her until he can get his em otions under control. He goes to New York City and tries to get drunk to relieve his stress, as Billie Joe Armstrong did with drugs. â€Å"Am I just paranoid? Or Im just stoned.† This song also talks about the constant paranoia he faces. Holden also has to deal with being paranoid as he is clearly insecure. It is rare that the reader will find Holden describing somebody positively. He is constantly making shallow judgments about the people he encounters. He says, â€Å"I’m not kidding, some of these very stupid girls can really knock you out on the dance floor.† Before even having a conversation with her, he already comes to the conclusion that she is a stupid girl. This proves his insecurity because he is seeing his imperfections through others and criticizing them for it. â€Å"Unwell† – Matchbox Twenty Analysis This song was written from the point of view of a depressed person, rather than a crazy person. I feel that Holden would fall into the category of a depressed person rather than a crazy person. He states several times that he really is just lonely. He says, What I really feel like, though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window. This may contribute to his depression. This type of depression that he hasShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D Sallinger, Questions and Answers1611 Words   |  6 Pagesunit plan. â€Å"Mr.’M’s† class was just beginning their unit plan on the novel The Catcher in the Rye while â€Å"Mrs. L’s† class was finishing up their unit plan on the novel The Scarlett Letter. Both classrooms had different, specific learning goals, activities, and assessments. â€Å"Mr. M’s† lesson was meant to introduce students to the novel The Catcher in the Rye and get them to start working on their culminating journal project. 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An example of Simmons’ rationale can be seen in the protest of novel Catcher in the Rye in the 1960’s, when it was new, compared to its current acceptance as a modern classic (Steinle, 2002). According to the American Library Association’s Office for Intellectual Freedom, Judy Blume, who writes about realistic relationships between

Genetically Modified Foods Safety, Risks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 836 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: GMO Essay Did you like this example? Food serves as a way for people to connect and has always been part of the human story. The effect that food has on culture and social aspects is very deep-rooted in our society. Yet as the world continues to grow, and technology continues to advance, the need for more food is crucial in order to satisfy an increasing population. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Genetically Modified Foods: Safety, Risks" essay for you Create order As an effect, science has resorted to meet such demands by modifying foods at a genetic level. The use of GMOs currently has had profound impacts on society, that essentially resulted in positive and negative outcomes. More specifically, GMOs have raised conflict between groups of opposing viewpoints, increased awareness regarding health of consumers, and allowed businesses to reap the benefits of the advantages GMOs have to offer. Perhaps the most severe consequence Genetically Modified Organisms have on society, is that they have raised disputes between people on whether consumers should be aware of what’s inside their food. The citizens of Colorado, Vermont, and other states, each with their respective opinions, are divided on instituting labeling laws to be put on genetically altered foods. Those supportive of the labeling laws argue that consumers are â€Å"entitled to know whether their food contains GMO’s† in order to make more informed decisions (Muskal). The public being unaware of what their food contains can be seen as a violation of their rights in their eyes, thus justifying why they feel the way they do. In contrast, those opposing the laws (mainly businesses) fear that labeling will â€Å"stigmatize† their products, or in other words associate GMO’s in a negative context, that will ultimately result in economic stress due to higher costs needed to separate modif ied from non-modified foods (Muskal). The disputes led to legislation taking action in courts to address the decision of passing said laws. Nevertheless, the two groups continued to battle out the subject, thus putting stress on social balance in the states. Social balance is important to keep in check in order to maintain control, which is unfortunately provoked by the controversial topics the use of GMO’s raise. The safety of GMOs consumption has also come into question, along with the health of people who actively consume them. Most GMOs have been engineered to withstand the harshest of pesticides and endure environment conditions normal food would otherwise not tolerate. This raises speculation if GMOs are actually safe to eat considering all of the unnatural procedures that are done to it. A mounting body of evidence has connected GMOs with many harmful health problems. Lisa Archer a critic of the AquAdvantage Salmon, claims that the fish could cause allergies in people and even goes as far to say that Theres no place on our dinner plates for genetically modified fish' (Associated Press). Her argument proves that GMOs have no place in the diets of consumers and that their well-being may be at high risk. Furthermore, another reason why GMOs are causing such concerns regarding health, is that they are poorly studied. Therefore, in the absence of concrete evidence, many citizens have taken m atters into their own hands and choose to opt out of the GMO experiment (GMO Facts). This supports the increasing amount of doubt among citizens and society, explaining why many of them choose to not take part in such unknown affiliations dealing with modified foods, in order to ensure the safety of themselves and others. Despite the negative consequences GMOs have had on society, the usage of them has proven useful to businesses and corporations who make a profit off the many advantages the modified foods present. The J.R. Simplot Company in Idaho received approval from the Federal Department of Agriculture to pass two new varieties of potatoes that are impervious to certain diseases (Ridler). Diseases such as late blight have made it hard for farmers to maintain their farms, but the new varieties of potatoes however, offer a solution because of their genetically produced defenses. Company officials claim that the potatoes will bring up to 24-hour protection to farmers fields and reduce the use of pesticide spray up to 45 percent (Ridler). This not only protects the farmers property but ensures the success of companies due to increased production that will likely come about because of the foods resistance. Furthermore, the genetically modified potatoes are more durable and can be kept in cold storage for longer periods of time (Ridler). Enhanced shelf life could show to be valuable to industries that rely on them by reducing trucking costs. The reduced costs saves the companies potentially large quantities of money that can be put to use in other places. The effects GMOs have had in present-day society have greatly impacted everyday aspects of our lives. Some of the most principal impacts include that GMOs have caused ethical and health concerns amongst consumers, aided companies financially, and triggered social disputes. All under consideration, even though using GMOs has negative consequences, the benefits they have induced has significantly contributed to the development of our modern world.